Backscatter Imaging for Precision Agriculture

ABSTRACT

Methods for characterizing living plants, wherein one or more beams of penetrating radiation such as x-rays are scanned across the plant under field conditions. Compton scatter is detected from the living plant and processed to derive characteristics of the living plant such as water content, root structure, branch structure, xylem size, fruit size, fruit shape, fruit aggregate volume, cluster size and shape, fruit maturity and an image of a part of the plant. Ground water content is measured using the same technique. Compton backscatter is used to guide a robotic gripper to grasp a portion of the plant such as for harvesting a fruit.

The present application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/215,456, filed Sep. 8, 2015, and Provisional Patent Application 62/337,971, filed May 18, 2016. The contents of those applications are incorporated herein by reference, including the attachments thereto.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to devices and methods for deriving data of agricultural significance from x-ray backscatter characterization, and imaging, of crops.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

For the last 10,000 years, crops have been cultivated on the basis of unsystematically collected data. Now that humankind has harnessed electromagnetic radiation that penetrates vegetation, more systematic assessment of the condition of crops in vivo should have become possible, however hurdles described below have precluded their application to date.

Precision agriculture describes a management technique based on crop and soil data measured in the field as a function of position and time. The correlation of data with its position in the field over time is used to make farm management decisions that can maximize overall returns. Data collection can include information about four main areas: farm environment, soil, plants or the final crops. Much value, in terms of crop yield and quality would be attainable if there were only some way to provide specific and accurate data for a number of these key areas across a wide variety of different crops, especially in the area of specialty crops. Specialty crops include high value fruits, vegetables and nuts which are used for food or medicine which are marketed directly to customers and thus require exceptionally high esthetic quality. For these crops, a high value is placed both on accurate yield prediction as well as plant health. Early and accurate measurement of crop yields enables staging of equipment and resources for harvest, packaging and storage as well as the capability to accurately price crops. For tree and vine based specialty crops, the maintenance and health of the plant year over year is also critical. Collection of yield data and plant health year after year would enable predictive tools to be used for fertilization and watering as well as harvest planning.

Crop yield estimation is an important task in the management of a variety of agricultural crops, including fruit orchards such as apples. Fruit crops, such as apples, citrus fruits, grapes, and others, are composed of the plant, which is starch rich and relatively low density (leaves, branches, and stems), as well as the fruit, which is compact and water saturated. Current techniques for estimation rely on statistical sampling using humans to provide yield estimation, which is time-consuming, labor intensive, and inaccurate.

According to Wang, et al., “Automated Crop Yield Estimation for Apple Orchards,” 13th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics (ISER 2012), which is incorporated herein by reference,

-   -   Accurate yield prediction helps growers improve fruit quality         and reduce operating costs by making better decisions on the         intensity of fruit thinning and size of the harvest labor force.         It benefits the packing industry as well, because managers can         use estimation results to optimize packing and storing capacity.         Typical yield estimation is performed based on historical data,         weather conditions, and workers manually counting yield of         fruit, such as apples, in multiple sampling locations. This         process is time-consuming and labor intensive, and the limited         sample size is usually not enough to reflect the yield         distribution across the orchard, especially in those with high         spatial variability. Therefore, the current yield estimation         practice is inaccurate and inefficient, and improving current         practices would be a significant result to the industry.         Ibid, p. 1.

While x-ray scattering had been observed for some time, the mechanism whereby x-ray quanta are scattered by electrons was first described by Compton, “On the Mechanism of X-Ray Scattering,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 11, pp. 303-06 (1925), incorporated herein by reference, and has since been referred to as “Compton scattering.” Prior suggestions to use x-ray backscatter in characterizing plant material have been limited to applications in which agricultural produce has already been picked and is being handled under controlled conditions. These include actual handling of food during processing, as discussed by Cruvinel et al., “Compton Scatter Tomography for Agricultural Measurements,” Eng. Aric. Jaboticabal, vol. 26, pp. 151-60 (2006), and U.S. Pat. No. 7,734,012 (to Boyden et al.), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Fruit growers desire an automated system for conducting crop yield estimates. Current techniques focus on visual imaging systems. Estimation based on the visual environment is challenging due to variable illumination, occlusion due to foliage, and multiple counts. Occlusion by foliage may result in multiple counts, based on difficulty viewing the entire crop. Visual imaging processing may advantageously also be computationally intensive.

Application of x-ray backscatter to crops that have not been harvested and that are alive in the field offers particular benefits, but would require specialized techniques not hitherto known in the art. Those specialized techniques and benefits are described in detail below, in accordance with the present invention. For purposes of the present description, plant matter shall be said to be “living” if it is consuming energy in a process of growth.

SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for remotely characterizing a living plant. The method has steps of

-   -   a. generating a first beam of penetrating radiation;     -   b. scanning the beam across the living plant;     -   c. detecting Compton scatter from the living plant derived from         the first beam of penetrating radiation to generate a first         scatter signal; and     -   d. processing the scatter signal to derive one or more         characteristics of the living plant.

Compton backscatter x-ray characterization, and imaging in particular, are sensitive to materials of low effective atomic number, such as water and organic materials.

Some embodiments of the present invention may use a beam where the beam is collimated in one dimension. Other embodiments may use a beam wherein the beam is collimated in two dimensions, referred to as a pencil beam. Some embodiments of the invention may derive a characteristic, such as water content, root structure, branch structure, xylem size, fruit size, fruit shape, fruit aggregate volume, cluster size and shape, fruit maturity and an image of a part of a living plant. In some embodiments, the penetrating radiation may include x-rays. In other embodiments, x-rays may include photons in a range between 50 keV and 220 keV.

Further embodiments of the current invention may acquire data using a concurrent sensing modality. In some embodiments, the sensing modality may include at least one of visible, microwave, terahertz and ultrasound. Other embodiments may use data acquired using a concurrent sensing modality for registration of an image of the living plant with respect to a frame of reference of the living plant. In some embodiments of the invention, the living plant may be irradiated with a pencil beam emitted from a conveyance. In other embodiments, the living plant may be irradiated from above the living plant. Further embodiments may include irradiating the living plant from a position horizontally displaced with respect to the living plant. In other embodiments, the beam may be generated in a scanner head deployed on an articulated arm. Other embodiments may further have a gripper and an x-ray source with pencil beam collimation disposed on a robotic arm. Further embodiments may include deriving a characteristic of a root of the living plant. In other embodiments of the invention, the penetrating radiation may be emitted concurrently into two half spaces. In other embodiments, scanning may include directing the beam of penetrating radiation electronically.

In other embodiments of the invention, the radiation may be passed through a defining aperture. In further embodiments, the defining aperture may be adjusted during the course of scanning the beam. In other embodiments, the scatter may be spectrally resolved. This resolution may be achieved by modulating spectral content of the first beam of penetrating radiation or detection differentially sensitive to distinct spectral features.

In other embodiments of the invention, organic features may be distinguished on the basis of distinctive spectral signatures. In further embodiments of the invention, at least one of position and orientation of a pencil beam in a frame of reference of the living plant may be monitored and the pencil beam may be steered in a closed loop to maintain a specified path of the pencil beam in the frame of reference of the living plant. In other embodiments of the invention, an image of the scatter signal may be registered with respect to the frame of reference of the living plant. In other embodiments of the invention, both a first and second beam of penetrating radiation may be used to generate a second scatter signal and the second scatter signal may be processed to derive a second characteristic of the living plant. In other embodiments of the invention, at least one derived characteristic is associated with water uptake. In further embodiments of the invention, the first and second scatter signals may be used to derive a three-dimensional characteristic of the plant. This derived three-dimensional characteristic may be a stereoscopic image. In other embodiments of the invention, the first and second scatter signals may be used to generate spatial coordinates of the living plant with respect to an ensemble of other living plants, spatial coordinates of the living plant with respect to a base of the living plant, or spatial coordinates of a fruit with respect to another portion of the living plant. In further embodiments, a gripper may be mounted on a robotic arm and a closed loop feedback control system may be used for positioning the gripper. In certain embodiments of the invention, the first and second beams may be scanned from a conveyance. In other embodiments of the invention, the first and second beams may be each scanned relative to respective first and second central rays and may be relatively displaced by an angle. This angle may be in a range between 45 and 135 degrees. In further embodiments of the invention, the first and second scatter signals may be used to generate spatial coordinates of at least one object, other than the living plant, located between the conveyance and the living plant and, using these coordinates, a topographical map may be generated.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for measuring ground water content. The method has the steps of:

-   -   a. generating a beam of penetrating radiation;     -   b. scanning the beam across the ground;     -   c. detecting Compton scatter from the ground derived from the         beam of penetrating radiation; and     -   d. processing a scatter signal from the Compton scatter relative         to a reference sample to derive a moisture content of the         ground.

In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for guiding motion of a robot. The method has the steps of:

-   -   a. generating a first beam of penetrating radiation;     -   b. scanning the first beam across a living plant;     -   c. detecting Compton scatter from the living plant derived from         the first beam of penetrating radiation to generate a scatter         signal;     -   d. processing the scatter signal to derive a characteristic of         the living plant; and     -   e. using the derived characteristic of the plant to guide a         gripper of the robot to grasp a portion of the living plant.

Further embodiments may include harvesting the plant with the gripper. In other embodiments of the invention, the gripper may be mounted on a robotic arm and the system may use a closed loop feedback control system for positioning the gripper.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing features of the invention will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a chart of the relative absorption by water of electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength or photon energy.

FIG. 2 shows a rear view of a horizontal backscatter scanning apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows a dual-sided scanning apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a view of a top-down backscatter scanning apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary dual energy detector scanning apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary x-ray backscatter image of an agricultural scene, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention

FIG. 7 shows a flow chart depicting steps of a method of scanning, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows a second flow chart depicting steps of a method for guiding the motion of a robot, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows a fan beam scanning apparatus using fan beam illumination, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows a plot illustrating the use of volume information from the scanning process to quantify fruit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a table listing exemplary types of specialty crops where backscatter imaging may be applied, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

As recognized for the first time by the present inventors, Compton scattered x-ray radiation in the ˜50-220 keV energy range is an ideal probe of both crop size and yield, as this radiation efficiently scatters from water, and appears in bright contrast in Compton x-ray backscatter imaging. X-rays penetrate low density objects such as leaves or branches, and show correspondingly less backscatter signal. The capability to penetrate foliage and generate a signal which is sensitive to water content enables backscatter x-ray imaging to provide highly accurate data over other techniques such as visible, infrared or radar imaging.

The description below provides a detailed teaching as to the application of backscatter imaging to a wide variety of challenges in the area of precision agriculture including yield estimation, development of both crops and plants during the season and year over year, water management, robotic harvesting, and data fusion and management.

While x-ray backscatter has been used for the characterization of many materials, it has always been considered impossible to characterize crops in vivo using backscatter techniques, because backscatter techniques are prone to motion-induced geometrical irregularity and variation that is unacceptable in the current application in that the a user lacks control over the position and stability of the sample. Without control and regularity in scattering technique, proper crop yield estimations may not be obtained. Crop yield estimation is an important task in the management of a variety of agricultural crops, such as apples, grapes, and cucumbers. Accurate yield prediction helps growers improve the fruit quality and reduce operating costs by making better decisions on intensity of fruit thinning and size of the harvest labor force. Managers may use estimation results to optimize packing and storage capacity. A scanner that is capable of assessing the size and number of produce is applicable to overall crop yield estimation; spatial distribution mapping for watering, fertilizer, and pesticides; detection and damage assessment and mapping for diseases, insects, or other causes of crop loss; temporal analysis of growth rate and development of crops; and testing the efficacy of fertilizers or pesticides.

Fruit crops such as apples, citrus fruits, grapes, and others are composed of starch rich, low density features (leaves, branches, and stems) and fruit which is compact and water saturated. X-ray radiation in the ˜100 keV energy range efficiently scatters from water, and appears as a bright contrast in Compton x-ray backscatter imaging. X-rays penetrate low density objects such as leaves or branches, and show correspondingly less backscatter signal.

In addition to the number of crop in the images, a 3D location is also useful in preventing double counting, as well as providing better understanding of the location to target for pesticides and fertilizers. The 3D location may be estimated provided by including multiple x-ray illumination angles. In addition the exact position of the x-ray source may be recorded. In order to correct for non-uniformity in the level of the ground, sensing of the position as well as the orientation of the source is preferably recorded. A Global Positioning System (GPS) may also be used in certain embodiments for positioning in the field, optionally in conjunction with use the use of GPS for fertilization and application of pesticides.

Embodiments of the invention may combine multiple sensing systems onto a mobile conveyance to enable an accurate, rapid, automated detection system for crop yield estimation. Embodiments may include the combination of an x-ray system and position and orientation sensing, which prevents double counting when scanning from both sides of a crop row.

Further embodiments may include an x-ray system which includes multiple viewing angles which may be used to calculate a 3D location of crop. In some embodiments, the x-ray imaging system is optimized in design of source and detectors in order to maximize sensitivity and thus increase the speed of inspection. Specifically, a rapid scan rate may be enabled using a coded-aperture configuration of source and area detector. A complete description of the use of coded aperture x-ray backscatter detection techniques may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,940,469, to Huang et al., which is incorporated herein by reference.

Determining the yield in a crop requires measuring the scatter intensity, over a specified spectral range, with a specified spatial resolution, all varying with the crop involved. An example is viticulture, the yield of which may be determined by measuring a variation in scatter in the range of 140 to 220 keV with a resolution of 1-4 mm. In order to screen a growing crop from a distance on the order of 1 meters at a rate of 1 kilometer per hour, one needs a detection sensitivity of 500-600 photons per steradian per second per root Hz. That was considered impossible, prior to the present inventors realizing that a pencil beam x-ray source used to generate Compton back-scatter signal from a moving inspection platform enabled the requisite sensitivity, as did the unique capability of the present invention to penetrate through intervening growth between the fruit and the scanner, as described in detail below.

For the large areas that typically need to be covered (often square miles of scanning), it may not be feasible to scan a pencil beam. For example, to achieve a resolution of 1 mm² from a standoff distance of 1 m implies an angular resolution of 10-6 sr, or 0.06° of aperture in a rotating hoop. A calculation of signal-to-noise based on an incident flux of 5×10⁸ photons/sec/cm²/mA, a standoff distance of 1 m, and a representative beam spectrum, suggests a dwell time of at least 2.5 μs per pixel for a pencil beam produced by a rotating aperture. This implies a rotation rate of 3,000 revolutions per second of an aperture hoop.

A scene including fruit that are 1 m high filling a square of 10 acres in rows spaced 3 m apart would encompass ˜10¹⁰ pixels, thus requiring 24 hours to scan such a field with a pencil beam. Under many circumstances, such a scan could not provide data on a timescale useful for agricultural insight. A fan beam, or, alternatively, a cone beam using coded aperture techniques, may be used advantageously to increase the flux and thus the scan rate by a factor of over 100 times. In the case of a fan beam, this simply derives from the concurrent detection of ˜100 collinear pixels.

For example, in the field of viticulture, a square vineyard of 1 acre with a row spacing of 130 in may be scanned in 0.3 hours, based on a 160 keV x-ray source at 1000 W dissipation, employing a chopper wheel with 8 spokes rotating at 1800 rpm, scanning simultaneously in both directions to acquire bilateral data, with motion along the rows at a speed of 2.18 mph.

Definitions

A “conveyance” shall be any device characterized by a platform borne on ground-contacting members such as wheels, tracks, treads, skids, etc., used for transporting equipment from one location to another.

The word “trailer,” as used herein and in any appended claims, shall refer to a conveyance adapted to be drawn over an underlying surface by a motorized vehicle or conveyance that may be referred to herein as a “tractor.”

The word “image,” as used herein and in any appended claims, shall refer to any multidimensional representation, whether in tangible or otherwise perceptible form, or otherwise, whereby a value of some characteristic (amplitude, phase, etc.) is associated with each of a plurality of locations corresponding to dimensional coordinates of an object in physical space, though not necessarily mapped one-to-one thereonto. Thus, for example, the graphic display of the spatial distribution of some field, either scalar or vectorial, such as brightness or color, or x-ray scatter intensity, etc., constitutes an image. So, also, does an array of numbers, such as a 3D holographic dataset, in a computer memory or holographic medium. Similarly, “imaging” refers to the rendering of a stated physical characteristic in terms of one or more images.

The term “x-ray source” shall signify a device that produces x-rays, including, without limitation, x-ray tubes, or Bremsstrahlung targets impinged upon by energetic particles, without regard for the mechanism used to generate the x-rays, including, without limitation, linacs, etc.

A “half space” shall refer to each of the two parts into which an imaginary plane divides three-dimensional space.

A “living plant” shall refer to an unharvested plant, which is to say that a living plant remains attached to the source of nutrient that provides for its growth.

A “gripper,” otherwise referred to in the art as “end of arm tooling,” is a remotely operated device for holding and manipulating objects. It may be a claw, a bag, a suction device, etc., as well known in the art, and as encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

A “robotic arm” is an actuated mechanical linkage coupling a gripper to a base, where the base may be vehicle or other conveyance.

As used herein, the term “part,” referring to an object, shall encompass a portion or the entirety of the object.

A “scanner” is a device for moving the direction of propagation of a beam. Examples of scanners that may be used with x-ray beams are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 9,014,339 (“Versatile X-Ray Beam Scanner,” to Grodzins et al.), and include mechanical scanners, such as rotating hoops, x-ray tubes with rotating anode apertures, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,099,279 (X-Ray Tube with Rotating Anode Aperture,” to Rommel et al.) or electronic scanners, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,282,260 (“Unilateral Hand-held X-Ray Inspection Apparatus,” to Grodzins). All such scanners are within the scope of the present invention.

The term “scanning head” is used to refer, more generally, to hardware that directs a beam, and, for example, may include the source of radiation that is scanned by the scanner.

A “scanning apparatus” shall refer to a system for characterizing a scanned object or scene on the basis of radiation (such as x-rays) that is scanned across the scene. The scanning apparatus may include detectors for detecting scattered radiation, and may also include a conveyance for transporting the scanning head and detectors as well as ancillary equipment such as power supplies, sensors, etc.

A “fan beam” is a beam that is collimated in one dimension transverse to a propagation direction of the beam.

A “pencil beam” is a beam that is collimated in two dimensions transverse to a propagation direction of the beam.

An “organic feature” is a feature of organic matter, such as a plant, that distinguishes the matter from inorganic matter. Organic features may include, but are not limited to water content, root structure, branch structure, xylem size, fruit size, fruit shape, fruit aggregate volume, cluster size, cluster shape, and fruit maturity.

Backscatter imaging utilizes a pencil beam of x-ray radiation which irradiates an object and detection of Compton scattered radiation from the object. The contrast in back-scatter imaging is dependent on the composition of the material. Biological materials, which are composed of low atomic number materials including hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen have a strong contrast in backscatter x-ray imaging due to two competing effects of Compton scatter generation and x-ray absorption. The Compton scatter cross section rises in direct proportion with atomic number (Z), so higher Z materials scatter more. However, photoelectric absorption is proportional to Z⁴/E³, so for higher Z, particularly at lower energies, photoelectric absorption prevents the Compton scattered x-rays from leaving the target material. Compton scattered x-ray radiation in the ˜50-220 keV energy range is an ideal probe of both crop size and yield, as this radiation efficiently scatters from water, and appears as a bright contrast in Compton x-ray backscatter imaging. This energy is used for depth penetration of the soil and/or imaging the root of the plant. While operation in the ˜50-220 keV range is described, the range is provided by way of example and is provided for no limiting intent.

The absorption spectrum of water vapor, plotted in FIG. 1 as a function of wavelength (in meters) or photon energy (in eV), highlights significant attenuation in the region shortward of the visible spectrum, dominated in the X-ray region by the photoelectric effect. Thus, shorter wavelength radiation would not suggest itself for detection, imaging, or any characterization of crops from any substantial standoff distance, as required in an agricultural context. Because at shorter wavelengths imaging performance gets progressively worse, it is counter-intuitive that radiation penetration, scattering, and imaging performance for Compton scattered x-ray imaging meet all criteria required to achieve good performance for yield estimation.

Backscatter imaging for crop yield may advantageously be applied to any crop which has isolated or clustered fruits, including trees, vines, or plants. Crops can vary in types, size, and shape but the scanning method may stay the same, including a linear translation of the imager across the plant according to some embodiments of the invention.

Larger apple and citrus trees are typically grown outdoors, while smaller plans like tomatoes, squash, melons, etc. can be grown in greenhouses or outdoors. In embodiments of this invention, the same base backscatter system may be used for multiple applications, with parameters such as beam spectral content or dwell time modified for a particular application.

In accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention, a scanning apparatus, designated generally by numeral 101 in FIG. 2, has a scan heads sits at the end of an arm assembly. Scanning apparatus 101 may be used in horizontal scanning or top down scanning.

FIG. 2 shows a rear view of a horizontal backscatter scanning apparatus 101, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a scanner head 100 is mounted on an arm 102 of a robot 104. Furthermore, a gripper 106 is also coupled to an arm 102 of robot 104. Robot 104 may be carried on a conveyance 108, be self-propelled, or may be autonomous or guided. In some embodiments of the invention, the conveyance 108, as defined above, is a tractor, truck, or motorized cart. Additionally, the conveyance may have scanning electronics 113 and one or more sensors 110. In some embodiments, the horizontal backscatter scanning apparatus 101 may advantageously use Compton backscatter x-ray imaging, which is sensitive to low atomic number, including water and organic materials. Compton backscatter x-ray imaging may advantageously be used to detect fruit 112, which generally contain concentrated amounts of water.

To perform position sensing in some embodiments, the location of multiple data streams, such as x-ray, visible, microwave, submillimeter, and infrared, for example, may be co-registered. In some embodiments, a position sensing apparatus 116 may determine the location of the conveyance 108 at any given time. The position is preferably determined with accuracy of up to ⅕ the size of the smallest feature required to image. The orientation of the conveyance 108 may also be recorded in some embodiments to preserve the relative illumination angle and position of the x-ray source 114 with respect to the crop.

In some embodiments of the invention, image resolution is proportional to x-ray source power and inversely proportional to scan speed. Crop type applications typically differ with respect to how much scan time and power is required. For instance, scanning an unmanaged apple or citrus tree may require much more power and slower scan speed than a managed tree would require. The unmanaged trees have a larger height and diameter that requires imaging of a larger tree height and diameter than managed trees, requiring higher power and energy. This corresponds to higher power and energy. Managed orchards have managed trees where the branches are attached to a trellis. Unmanaged orchards have unmanaged trees which have no trellis structure.

An x-ray beam produced by Bremsstrahlung contains photons of energies up to an end-point energy that is equal to the energy of the highest-energy electron hitting the Bremsstrahlung target. When an x-ray beam is characterized herein simply by an energy, that energy shall refer to the end-point energy of the beam. Thus, a first x-ray beam will be said to be of a higher energy than a second x-ray beam if the end-point energy of the first x-ray beam exceeds that of the second x-ray beam.

Ripened crops are composed of relatively high concentration of water, carbon and nitrogen, relative to the surrounding branch and foliage materials, referred to herein as “intervening material.” Referring further to FIG. 2, for a pencil beam 120 striking fruit 112, the Compton scatter signal will increase with the radius of the fruit for some, but not for all, spectra of incident x-rays, because of multiple processes of scatter and absorption which occur in the crop, as readily calculated. Pencil beam 120 may also be referred to herein as an “input beam” or as a “scanning beam.” As the scanning 120 beam passes through the thickness of plant 127, constituting the crop, a portion of the input beam 120 is scattered from the plant 127. Plant 127, insofar as it scatters x-rays, may also be referred to herein as an “object” and, insofar as input beam 120 traverses plant 127, it may also be referred to as “material.”

Radiation for input beam 120 that is scattered by fruit 112, also referred to herein as scatter radiation 130 (or as “backscattered x-rays”), now has to pass back through that same intervening material in order to return to detector 125. Each photon of the backscattered x-rays 130 has a lower energy than that of the photon of incident beam 120 giving rise to the scatter, and will be attenuated by the outgoing intervening material. “Outgoing intervening material” refers to the path through plant 127 traversed by scattered radiation 130 en route to detector 125. The effect of energy transfer due to Compton scatter is a function of both scatter angle and energy. For foliage and small diameter crops such as citrus or apple, the scattered radiation is not strongly attenuated through the thickness of the fruit itself, however, for very large crops such as melons, significant attenuation of the backscattered x-rays may occur within the fruit itself. In either case, the high scatter of the fruit relative to the low scatter of the intervening material emphasizes the fruit in the detected scatter signal.

In some embodiments, a horizontal backscatter scanning apparatus 101 can scan the plants, fruits, or trees by scanning out of the side of the conveyance 108. This configuration can either have one scanner 100 or dual scanners, as in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 depicts a dual sided horizontal backscatter scanning apparatus, designated generally by number 201, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In some embodiments of the invention, multiple backscatter x-ray scanner heads 203, 205 are positioned in close proximity to the plant 127 and allow a full view of the region where the crop can grow. X-ray source 228 produces x-rays scanned by scanners 203 and 205 to create scanned beams 222 for scanning a plurality of rows at a time (e.g., each side of the scanner). Where multiply-directed beams are employed, shielding 235 prevents detection of scatter by oppositely directed detectors 203.

A scanning apparatus (such as dual-sided horizontal backscatter scanning apparatus 201) that is used for x-ray imaging may also be referred to herein as an “x-ray imager.” X-ray imager 201 may operate continuously or intermittently when conveyance 108 is in motion. Imaging systems may employ a flying spot/pencil beam 222, fan beam imaging, or coded-aperture imaging, for example, within the scope of the present. In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, three-dimensional information may be gathered in a dual-scanner configuration 201. In other embodiments, three dimensional information may be gathered by including a single system which acquires images at variable angles by rotation of the imaging system 201 at periodic intervals. In some embodiments, inclusion of multiple imaging scanners 203, 205 on the conveyance 108 with different view angles, wherein the conveyance 108 continuously records backscatter signal or coded aperture imaging for multiple angles, may be used to acquire 3D information. In addition to x-ray detectors 230 (also referred to herein as x-ray sensors), additional sensing in certain embodiments may be included to provide accurate information as to the position and orientation of conveyance 108 within the frame of reference of crop 127. This provides for governing the orientation of beam 222 or for using a tracked position to register a backscatter signal within an acquired image (shown in FIG. 6). This may advantageously improve the capability for measuring the size of the crop 127 and/or the volume of the crop 127. Ghz/Thz radiation, thermal/IR, and ultra-sound technologies may also be combined with x-ray data to produce a 3D image of the scanned scene.

FIG. 4 shows a view of a top down backscatter scanning apparatus designated generally by numeral 301, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Top down backscatter scanning apparatus 301 has a field of view 310 including crop 127. In some embodiments, an adjustable height gantry 303 can be provided for crops with multiple heights. Top down scanning can be used for plants such as strawberries. If the height of the scanning apparatus 301 is increased, multiple results may be obtained at a time in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments of the invention, a scan head 305 coupled to the conveyance 108 is coupled to existing sprayer equipment to reduce the grower's implementation costs.

Scanner head 100 may emit x-rays covering a width approximately 4-5 ft. A large detection area of x-ray detectors 230 will increase the flux detected and thus increase the rate of scanning. Where crops such as cotton, melons, etc., may not allow enough space for side illumination from the top is preferred. X-ray flux may be increased to increase the rate of scanning, however if additional flux is achieved by increasing the aperture size, it is at the cost of image resolution. For a typical apparatus 301, beam apertures of up to 4 mm in size can be utilized. In some embodiments, for imaging of point objects which have a repetitive shape, a coded aperture imaging system may allow for more efficient imaging. In the case of fruit crops where the objects are identical in shape, but change in size and location, a coded aperture x-ray imaging system may be used to efficiently determine the location and size of the objects in the field of view. Because the imaging system allows illumination of the full area, the flux delivered to the crop in coded aperture systems can be significantly higher. This may advantageously increase the rate of scanning of the system.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary dual-scanner scanning apparatus, designated generally by numeral 401, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. First and second beams 403 and 406 may be scanned from a conveyance 108. In other embodiments of the invention, the first and second beams may be each scanned relative to respective first and second central rays 405 and 407 and may be relatively displaced by an angle. While first and second central rays 405 and 407 are parallel in the embodiment shown, the angle between first and second central rays 405 and 407 may be in a range between 45 and 135 degrees in other embodiments. Emission of beams 403 and 406 is suitably phased so that the origin of a scattered photon reaching detector 230 is unambiguous.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary x-ray backscatter image of an agricultural scene, as designated generally by numeral 501, produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In some embodiments of the invention, crop yield mapping may consist of four pieces of information; fruit size, fruit count, plant location and date/time. Fruit 503 may be highlighted in image 501 to aid in acquiring the characterizing data discussed above. To help aid in historical data, in some embodiments, a scanning apparatus may be coupled to a GPS unit to monitor the location of a fruit or plant. The data may be collected, correlated and stored in a database. Reporting may be generated for the grower to reflect the collected data to the grower. With historical data for the same plants/trees, crop health may be advantageously tracked from year to year, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

In addition to backscatter imaging data for yield and plant health, other sources of data may be combined to build a full understanding of the local environment in accordance with certain embodiments. These may advantageously include temperature, humidity, soil conditions and more.

In some embodiments, software may have an easy-to-understand graphical user interface that allows the grower to access and display various pieces of information into an easy to read interface. In certain embodiments, reports and graphical representation of the historical data for a plant, and for the crop, may be included. This data may include plant health, crop health, crop yield, individual plant health and growth and a variety of other data.

Methods in accordance with embodiments of the present invention are now described with reference to the flowcharts of FIGS. 7 and 8. FIG. 7 shows a flow chart depicting steps of a method for scanning living plants, designated generally by numeral 601, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the method for scanning 601 may identify a characteristic of a living plant, such as an organic feature, where features that are considered to be organic are defined above. In some embodiments of the invention, software algorithms may improve on the noise rejection, double-counting resolution and crop size/distribution estimation. In addition algorithms may be used to indicate which crops need more or less water/fertilizer by mapping the fields.

In a first step 602, a beam of penetrating radiation is generated. It is to be understood that the source may be temporally modulated, within the scope of any embodiment of the present invention. In process 604, the generated beam is scanned across a living plant. In process 606, detection of Compton scatter is performed using at least one scatter detector. In some embodiments of the present invention, detection is performed using multiple scatter detectors 125 (shown in FIG. 2) or otherwise, such that one signal preferentially registers high-energy scatter, while a second signal preferentially registers low energy scatter. High energy scatter and low energy are terms that are defined with respect to each other, and are used herein to indicate that energy resolution is provided, either by varying the energy distribution of incident x-rays or by energy-resolution of detected scattering, all in accordance with known multiple-energy techniques. Where energy resolution is employed, a ratio of the backscatter signal from the low energy to high energy scatter detection is calculated in process 608. This calculation is further explained in U.S. Pat. No. 8,442,186, incorporated herein by reference. It is to be understood that the term “ratio” as used herein, encompasses weighted or corrected ratios, logarithmic differences, etc. Once the ratio of the low energy to high energy scatter signal has been calculated, it is compared with a threshold value to determine a characteristic of the living plant (608).

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the value of the ratio R between detection at distinct energy spectra is compared with a specified threshold value on a pixel-by-pixel basis in the image, allowing a determination to be made for every pixel in the image. In actual systems used for plant inspection, however, the x-ray intensity is typically insufficient to allow the value of R to be calculated for a single pixel to the required accuracy, due to the limited number of scattered photons that can be detected in the integration time of a single pixel. For this reason, a sub-region of the image consisting of many pixels, for example a 10×10 area, can be analyzed, and the value of R calculated from the summed backscatter signals from all the pixels in the subregion.

In further embodiments of the invention, software algorithms may be used for size estimation, process and eliminate double counting, and determine position of crop in 3D. In some embodiments, size estimation algorithms are used to determine features in the scanned image.

In some embodiments, software algorithms may be used for size estimation. Backscatter x-rays generate high contrast, isolated scattering features in images. Software algorithms can be used to deconvolve the fruit size using the known aperture response function. Utilizing the de-convolved image, the size of the fruit can be estimated.

Additionally, algorithms can be used to reject features which are not compact and isolated. These features may include branches, stems, or leaves. In further embodiments, image processing software may be combined with position data to eliminate double counting utilizing data from scans on both sides of a row. Embodiments may also use 3D reconstruction algorithms, using both position and orientation information for the conveyance and multiple angle views of x-ray illumination.

In other embodiments of the invention, plant health is determined by monitoring the water content in the trunk of the plant. By varying the energy level of the backscatter source, the water content of the plant can be seen just below the bark of the tree in the cambium layer. By comparing tree to tree, an imaging processing algorithm can figure out which tree has less water and which trees are healthy. Similarly, using higher energy and directing the scans to the root systems, the backscatter can penetrate the less dense soil to determine some root structure, according to embodiments of the invention. The scans can also determine if there soil is damp enough for proper plant growth. The less dense the soil allows the backscatter single to penetrate deeper to allow better examination of the root system.

Furthermore, in other embodiments, algorithms may be used to track root structure and overall plant health. For plants like strawberries, the root system is near the surface and since the roots have more water content than the soil the roots stand out and can be mapped similarly to the branches. The length and thickness of the roots are measured in certain embodiments and compared to a historical reference with respect to plant maturity and determination can be made as to the plant health

Further embodiments of the invention may scan for soil moisture content. In some embodiments, the algorithm may have historical reference level with respect to water content for that local vicinity for both wet and dry soil samples. From the image of the soil scan, the water content signal level can be monitored to determine if the ground is moist enough for the plants.

In the precision agriculture industry, it can be important to determine the crop health as the plants grow. To aid in crop health, according to some embodiments, backscatter scanning can be taken along the developmental process.

In some embodiments, scanning can be used post-budding. For apples and citrus crops, post-budding usually occurs when the fruit is a few millimeters in diameter. In this stage the fruit can be culled if diseased (too small or irregular shape) or if the fruit is clustered. If clustered the fruit can be culled to reduce the number of fruit in the cluster, therefore, preventing damaged fruit later in the growth stage. In some embodiments, scanning at post budding stage can be used to determine fruit count and locate clustering.

Scanning can locate the fruit clusters and also count the emerging fruit. In the smaller plants root structure can be scanned to determine the proper development of the plant. Image processing routines can determine if the root is strong and developed enough to bring fruit to maturity.

In other embodiments, scanning can be used mid-growth. Shortly after the post budding stage, the tree tends to cull the fruit as its own survival of the fittest. After this self-culling process the tree usually retains the remaining fruit until maturity. Scanning the crop when the fruit is between 30 to 40 millimeters, such as apples or citrus fruits, will give an accurate yield estimation at maturity for the growers. At this scanning stage the grower can keep and accurate understanding of how much fruit is lost during the culling stages.

In other embodiments, scanning is used to determine crop health. Since the fruit is mostly made of water and has a strong backscatter signal, crop health can be monitored as the fruit grows. Also branch structure can be monitored as another mechanism to determine the tree heath. By varying the energy from a higher energy (e.g. >100 KeV) to a lower energy (e.g. 50 KeV), the canopy can be evaluated since the softer x-rays may cause more signal return for the leaves in other embodiments. Also, in further embodiments, by fusing backscatter with optical imagery and using signal processing the canopy can be evaluated more precisely from a moisture content (scanning with backscatter x-rays) and optical to determine color and size.

Backscatter scans may also be used, in certain embodiments, to determine maturity of the crop. Just prior to maturity (e.g. a few weeks prior to pick) backscatter scans can attain actual crop yield including count and size can be calculated so growers can determine work force to pick (or automated with backscatter), amount of packaging material required, determine market price, and profits and losses can be known prior to pick.

As the fruit ripens the water content of the fruit increases significantly and can get up to 85%-90% of the fruit volume. This excessive water allows the backscatter returned signal to give a much more accurate representation of the fruit. With this newer information the size, shape and count can be more accurately determined to give the grower very accurate information on crop yield (e.g. crop volume).

This volume information allows the grower to accurately plan and determine the labor required for picking the fruit, packaging material required, set market price and profits and losses.

Embodiments of the invention may also advantageously be used for disease detection. Disease is a major issue with growers because it reduces the overall profit of the crop. Disease can also mean parasite or insect damage/infestation. By performing several in season backscatter scans on the crop, the healthy plants will have an adequate amount of water in the fruits and branches. By varying the energy level the canopy can also be examined for water content. Some larvae and insects can be spotted in certain embodiments but they need to be of sufficient size and density for the backscatter to pick up.

Embodiments of the invention can also be used to monitor and track plant development and health. This may include, but is not limited to, branch structure and mapping, foliage mapping, root mapping, and trunk structure.

By using the backscatter scanning, image processing can map the branch growth structure during the season and from year to year in certain embodiments of the invention. This is a good indication of plant health since the branches usually grow during the season at various rates depending on the plant/tree variety. Understanding the growth from year to year can give the grower valuable information to determine if the plant/tree needs replacement or the plants need more or less fertilizer and/or water.

As the plant matures during the season the canopy starts out thin and usually early on in the development for the season the canopy thickens and at approximately mid-season the canopy may be full. During the season the foliage can be mapped, in certain embodiments, through the backscatter scanning to ensure the canopy is growing properly. A plant canopy can be compared to adjacent plants and also other plants in the field to determine any patterns which could be the result of plant disease, insects, parasites, watering issues or fertilizer issues. The backscatter image can be processed for leaf size and water content (signal return amplitude).

The plant root system is critical for the plant heath. In some embodiments, by using high energy (e.g. >140 Kev) the scanner can scan the ground around the plant such as strawberries and get an image of the near surface root structure. The roots are full of water content and will stand out. By processing the image and giving the grower the root information the grower can then decide if the plant needs to be replaced early on in the development so the plant still has time to bear fruit. Without embodiments of this invention, the grower may have to wait until later in the growing season to determine root health, when it may be too late by noticing stunted plant growth.

The internal portion of the trunk of a plant contains the heartwood, which is dead material from previous xylem growth and does not contain water being transported in the plant. Because the water content and density in the heartwood and xylem are different, imaging of the trunk may distinguish these two layers, in accordance with certain embodiments. The dimensions as well as the relative strength of the backscatter signal in the heartwood and xylem could be used as a gauge of the tree health.

Embodiments of the invention may be used to detect ground water and water uptake. In certain embodiments of the invention, the x-ray backscatter signal is modulated by the water content in the soil. The backscatter signal may also be attenuated by the soil, preventing the system from detecting water content deeper than >3-4″. The depth sensitivity of the x-ray backscatter signal will be dependent on the soil composition and density, in accordance with certain embodiments. The backscatter imaging system can map out relative changes in the water content in the soil. The soil with low water will have a weak backscatter signal indicating the area is dry. One example method for measuring water content is as follows: take reference sample scans of soil with varying moisture conditions. The reference scan can be used to construct a correlation or look-up table relating backscatter signal and water content. The reference scans can then be used to gauge relative moisture content where the soil composition remains constant.

Furthermore, in accordance with certain embodiments, the x-ray backscatter signal may be used as a gauge of the water content in plants. For example, the trunk and branches of a plant can be imaged with a backscatter x-ray system to determine if the plant is receiving adequate water and also indicate a diseased condition preventing the uptake of water. Water transport in trees occurs in the sapwood or xylem which is at the outer diameter of the trunk. A drop in the relative scatter strength as well as the size of the xylem could indicate low water conditions or disease. For smaller plants like tomatoes the entire stalk transports the water. For healthier plants this signal level would be higher than plants not receiving as much water thought the trunk.

In other embodiments, algorithms may be used to track trunk and branch water content. In some embodiments, the algorithm may segment and detect the branches and the trunk system of the plant. The algorithm may then examine the sides of the trunk and determine the brightness of the edge to figure out the water content compared to the center part of the trunk. In some embodiments, the algorithm and scanner may work to track consistency around the circumference xylem of the trunk with respect to the water content. Since the center of the trunk image may have a thinner cross section of the xylem than at the edges of the image where the depth of the xylem is deeper due to the curvature of the trunk, the edges may be brighter in signal return in accordance with some embodiments of the invention. This would indicate the moisture level of the trunk. By having a reference trunk images with and without moisture, comparisons can be made to determine the health of the trunk.

FIG. 8 depicts a second flow chart 701, with steps of a method for guiding the motion of a robot, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. It is a flowchart of a process that parallels that shown in FIG. 3, except that in this case the method uses the processed scatter signal to guide the gripper of the robot to grasp the living plant 710. A beam of penetrating radiation is generated (602) and scanned (604) across a living plant. Compton scatter from the living plant is detected (606) and the resultant scatter signal is processed (608) to derive characteristics of the living plant and, in possible combination with inputs derived from other sensing modalities, is used to guide a gripper of a robot for grasping the plant or a portion thereof.

FIG. 11 provides a table listing exemplary types of specialty crops where backscatter imaging may be applied. The plant height and width are used to estimate the required imaging conditions. The referenced power is the power dissipated in the source, i.e., the product of the electron current to the target (mA) times the potential of the target (kV).

Apple or citrus trees have fruit that can either grow as a single fruit or in a cluster of two or more fruit in a small area. Usually clustering causes inaccurate counting and worst case damages the fruit so they cannot be sold at maturity. In early stages using the backscatter technology, in some embodiments, the growers can accurately locate these clusters and prune or cull them so mature fruits can be harvested. In some embodiments, the exact location can be pinpointed by taking two orthogonal scans of the tree using two synchronized backscatter sources in a stereoscopic mode. In order to use two orthogonal sources and get proper imaging, according to some embodiments, the source scanning is interlaced so when one source is emitting x-rays the other is not emitting. X-ray source interlacing technology is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,400,701 (“Backscatter Inspection Portal,” to Cason), which is incorporated herein by reference. Each scan line, in some embodiments, creates one image line using a pencil beam source. To produce the scanning pencil beam a precollimator and chopper wheel is used in certain embodiments. Each chopper wheel has multiple slits called spokes and each spoke creates a line of image data, according to certain embodiments. With image processing this allows each system to gather time and spatially synched data for each tree on each source's data. This allows for a more accurate location of the fruit and also allows the system to indicate to the operator, through the user interface and database, where that cluster resides. A robotic picking system can be told exactly where the cluster is and a mechanical picking arm may then cull the non-desired fruit via a closed loop control system in certain embodiments.

For fruit that grows in clusters like grapes, the backscatter system can obtain volume information to allow the grower to determine the volume of the crop versus just the individual fruit count in certain embodiments. This information may assist the grower in knowing the crop yield and better plan for picking, packaging and set the market price.

The backscatter image created by the scanning system, according to certain embodiments, comes back with proportionate fruit size to the signal intensity and size of the fruit image on the display. Through image processing the geometric shape and size can be determined and from this the volume, assuming the fruit is symmetrical. The software, in certain embodiments, may also keep track of the accumulative total for the specific plant, crop location and metrics from year to year.

When the fruit is mature it contains significant water to allow for a strong scatter signal to the scanning system. In the image, the scattered signal shows up as bright orbs. The tree limbs show up dimmer and the canopy return is an inconsequential signal return. Using image processing, the trunk and branches can be segmented out so just the fruit remains. From this image the fruit size, volume and counts can be gathered and stored for reporting the statistics to the grower.

To detect and locate fruit in some embodiments, image processing is required. In certain embodiments, an algorithm may receive images of immature fruit to determine the fruit health and clustering of fruit by using various methods of segmentation to remove branches and foliage. Algorithms, such as cell mapping algorithms can be used to track and segment out the fruit. In some embodiments, the algorithm may focus on the bright circular orbs which are the fruit. The sizes may be monitored for roundness and determine the size to make sure the fruit are within 20% of each other. The algorithm may also note which fruits and locations of the fruit that are in clusters. The algorithm may further report on all issues, such as fruit out of size requirements, misshaped fruit and clustering fruit.

In some embodiments, algorithms may also be used for canopy detection. The canopy detection algorithm, in some embodiments, will use a dual energy method to pull out the canopy from the other parts of the plant. The leaf return level (fluid content), size and shape will be determined along with the density of the canopy. Furthermore, in some embodiments, visual camera can be used to aid in the leaf size, shape and color.

Embodiments of the invention can also be used for robotic guidance 710 (shown in FIG. 8). This may include initial target mapping in 2D or 3D, closed loop feedback guidance, and robotic harvesting. Closed loop feedback guidance may include oscillating beam guidance and image guidance.

To date, two key challenges in robotic harvesting of specialty crops include guidance as well as damage free gripping of the targeted crop. Visual methods of guidance are ineffective due to the visual clutter generated by plant foliage. Visual targeting is especially challenging for crops with the same coloring as the background foliage. Because specialty crops are sold direct to customers, robotic harvesting cannot bruise or damage the fruit. Methods such as shaking trees have been used in the past, but lead to bruising. Optical methods to image the crop for manipulator control are limited by obstructions from foliage.

In embodiments of the invention, backscatter imaging is used to improve both guidance as well as manipulator control. First, an initial 2D image can be generated of the full plant to generate a target map for harvesting. In certain embodiments, a 3D map of the crop can be generated using imaging from multiple views in a manner similar to tomography. Utilizing the 2D or 3D coordinates for the crop on each plant, the system can plan a trajectory for efficiently movement to harvest the crop. Next, in certain embodiments of the invention, a closed loop feedback system can be used to generate rapid guidance to the targeted crop. Finally, a backscatter imaging system can be used to guide an end-effector to grip the fruit for harvest. Embodiments of the invention using backscatter signal for trajectory planning and final guidance would not be distorted by clutter generated by foliage. Data analysis for the backscatter image may be simplified in comparison with analysis of visual images. In addition, embodiments of the invention may be immune to changes in the environment, and may function in day or night lighting, variable temperature conditions, fog, or rain. Backscatter signal generated by moisture on the foliage may increase the uniform background of scatter from the foliage, but would not prevent the generation of a backscatter image.

Embodiments of the invention can be used for initial target mapping, specifically 2D or 3D position detection. Typical crops such as apples, oranges, strawberries for example occur with isolated fruits. As a result, they behave as single isolated point emitters for a backscatter signal. In this case, a 3D map of the crop can be generated prior to or during harvesting by the use of a number of backscatter imaging taken at various perspectives with relation to the plant, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. The 3D map can be generated by mounting two or more scanners on a vehicle enabled with a tracking system as previously described. The spatial coordinates of the crop of an individual plant or tree can then be used to generate a targeting map for robotic harvest.

The initial image data can be used to avoid branches, in accordance with certain embodiments. The vehicle can also incorporate a means for robotic manipulation of an end effector appropriate for harvesting the crop. A customized end effector could be tailored to the shape and size each crop requiring harvest. Embodiments of the invention, optionally, could include two or more backscatter imaging systems which are mounted at different angles relative to the crop. In certain embodiments of the invention, the backscatter imaging systems may be at varying angles, with at least 45 degrees between views and preferably 90 degrees in order to generate a 3D perspective of the crop.

Embodiments of the invention may also provide closed loop feedback guidance, including image guidance. In certain embodiments, following the generation of target coordinates, the system may use a closed loop feedback control system using one of two methods in order to position the manipulator in proximity to the fruit. One method employed by some embodiments of the invention may utilize rapid 2D or 3D imaging of the crop. The robotic harvesting system could be used to create a rapid localized backscatter image of the plant from one of multiple views.

Embodiments of the invention may also use oscillating beam guidance to move the robotic manipulator in proximity to the target using 3D position information. In some embodiments, as the arm approaches the target it may be guided in a closed loop feedback system. For rapid and accurate final guidance to a specific selected target, the time required to produce and process an image will be important. The robotic arm may be equipped with an x-ray source with pencil beam collimation or fan beam collimation.

The output beam will strike the target and produce a back-scatter signal in some embodiments of the invention. The position of the beam may be oscillated in a motion shown by changing the position or angle of the collimation to produce a time varying back-scatter signal. The position may be varied in one or more dimensions. The amplitude of the signal generated by the oscillating input beam correlates to the position of the beam on the target.

In some embodiments, in order to maintain the best approach to the target, the backscatter signal amplitude is actively maintained at a maximum by serving the position and orientation of conveyance 108 (shown in FIG. 2) as it approaches the target. In some embodiments, by maintaining the signal at a maximum amplitude, the robotic manipulator will approach to the target in a direct line. Image based as well as stationary pencil beam data can be used in conjunction based on the speed of the robotic motion and proximity to the target. As the picking arm moved in close to the fruit to be picked it could continuously update the positioning and feed the arm with new control data on the arms positon and fruits positon, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

In some embodiments, when the arm is in close proximity to the fruit (almost touching) the backscatter image can be used to control the gripper motion. Based on the shape, size and orientation of the fruit in the backscatter data, it may open the picking mechanism to surround the fruit. Once the fruit is picked the robot may gently place the fruit in a container as to not damage the fruit. A sensing mechanism, such as sound or IR range sensors, may tell the robot how deep the fruit is in the container so it can be gently place in without dropping it and hitting other fruit.

Utilizing the 3D coordinate mapping in some embodiments, the system may be adapted to selectively harvest only the side of the plant closest to robot, in order to prevent plant damage caused by the manipulator reaching through the plant. That is achieved based on determining the position of a central stem of the plant, and harvesting only product that is disposed a distance relative to the robot that is shorter than the distance to the central stem at each specific elevation. Plants may advantageously be harvested sequentially down the row without interruption using the 3D coordinate mapping. The system may advantageously be capable of continuous operation, scanning 24 hours a day 7 days a week, advantageously requiring only minor operator intervention or supervision. Cameras may advantageously be located on the robot to allow operators to monitor progress and intervene if issues are encountered.

FIG. 9 shows a fan beam scanning apparatus using fan beam illumination, designated generally by numeral 901, for accelerated acquisition of yield estimates and other crop characterization. In some embodiments of the present invention, backscatter imaging may be limited in speed by the flux emitted from the pencil beam collimation. In certain embodiments, to increase the flux illuminating the object, a back-scatter imaging system may advantageously use fan-beam illumination. In some embodiments, scanning apparatus 901 may estimate the total volume of crop 112 in the field. In certain embodiments, the illumination fan beam 910 is advantageously positioned in a vertical orientation and scanned across an object under inspection. The total x-ray backscatter from along the line of illumination (which is a cross-section of the fan beam) is detected at once and generates a scatter signal. Resulting data from the scanning may be a 1D plot of total backscatter position vs. signal, along the path of conveyance 108 in accordance with certain embodiments.

FIG. 10 shows a plot 1001 illustrating the use of volume information from the scanning process to quantify fruit. Volume information may be inferred from the 1D plot 1001 of backscatter signal vs. position through integrating the area 1005 under the curve 1001 and comparing it with a tunable threshold 1010 for detecting fruit 112 (shown in FIG. 2). The volume derived from area 1005 may correlate with the total mass of fruit in accordance with certain embodiments. The tunable threshold 1010 may, in certain embodiments, advantageously reject object such as trunk, canopy, and branch signal.

The embodiments of the invention described herein are intended to be merely exemplary; variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined in any claims appended to any application claiming priority herefrom. 

We claim:
 1. A method for characterizing a living plant, the method comprising: a. generating a first beam of penetrating radiation; b. scanning the beam across the living plant; c. detecting Compton scatter from the living plant derived from the first beam of penetrating radiation to generate a first scatter signal; and d. processing the scatter signal to derive a first characteristic of the living plant.
 2. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the beam is collimated in one dimension.
 3. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the characteristic is chosen from the group of water content, root structure, branch structure, xylem size, fruit size, fruit shape, fruit aggregate volume, fruit maturity and an image of a part of a living plant.
 4. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein scanning the beam includes irradiating the living plant with a pencil beam of penetrating radiation.
 5. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the penetrating radiation includes x-rays.
 6. A method in accordance with claim 5, wherein the x-rays include photons in a range between 50 keV and 220 keV.
 7. A method in accordance with claim 1, further comprising acquiring data using a concurrent sensing modality.
 8. A method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the concurrent sensing modality is one of the group of sensing modalities including visible, microwave, terahertz and ultrasound.
 9. A method in accordance with claim 7, further comprising correcting for at least one of motion and attitude of a conveyance from which the first beam of penetrating radiation is emitted on a basis of the data acquired using a concurrent sensing modality.
 10. A method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the data acquired using a concurrent sensing modality is used for registration of an image of the living plant with respect to a frame of reference of the living plant.
 11. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein scanning the beam includes irradiating the living plant with a pencil beam emitted from a conveyance.
 12. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein scanning the beam includes irradiating the living plant from above the living plant.
 13. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein scanning the beam includes irradiating the living plant from a position horizontally displaced with respect to the living plant.
 14. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein generating the beam of penetrating radiation includes generating the beam in a scanner head deployed on an articulated arm.
 15. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein a gripper and an x-ray source with pencil beam collimation are disposed on a robotic arm.
 16. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein deriving a characteristic of the living plant includes deriving a characteristic of a root of the living plant.
 17. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein scanning includes emitting the penetrating radiation concurrently into two half spaces.
 18. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein scanning includes directing the beam of penetrating radiation electronically.
 19. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein generating a beam of penetrating radiation includes passing the penetrating radiation through a defining aperture.
 20. A method in accordance with claim 19, further comprising adjusting the defining aperture during the course of scanning the beam.
 21. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein detecting Compton scatter includes spectral resolution of the scatter.
 22. A method in accordance with claim 21, wherein spectral resolution is achieved by modulating spectral content of the first beam of penetrating radiation.
 23. A method in accordance with claim 21, wherein spectral resolution is achieved by detection differentially sensitive to distinct spectral features.
 24. A method in accordance with claim 21, further comprising distinguishing organic features on the basis of distinctive spectral signatures.
 25. A method in accordance with claim 11, further comprising: a. monitoring at least one of position and orientation of the pencil beam in a frame of reference of the living plant; and b. steering the pencil beam in a closed loop to maintain a specified path of the pencil beam in the frame of reference of the living plant.
 26. A method in accordance with claim 11, further comprising: a. monitoring at least one of position and orientation of the pencil beam in a frame of reference of the living plant; and b. registering an image of the scatter signal with respect to the frame of reference of the living plant.
 27. A method in accordance with claim 1, further comprising: a. detecting Compton scatter from the living plant derived from a second beam of penetrating radiation to generate a second scatter signal; and b. processing the second scatter signal to derive a second characteristic of the living plant.
 28. A method in accordance with claim 27, wherein the first and second characteristics are each associated with water uptake.
 29. A method in accordance with claim 27, further comprising processing the first and second scatter signals to derive a three-dimensional characteristic of the plant.
 30. A method in accordance with claim 29, wherein the derived three-dimensional characteristic is a stereoscopic image.
 31. A method in accordance with claim 27, further comprising processing the first and second scatter signals to generate spatial coordinates of the living plant with respect to an ensemble of other living plants.
 32. A method in accordance with claim 27, further comprising processing the first and second scatter signals to generate spatial coordinates of a portion of the living plant with respect to a base of the living plant.
 33. A method in accordance with claim 27, further comprising processing the first and second scatter signals to generate spatial coordinates of a fruit with respect to another portion of the living plant.
 34. A method in accordance with claim 33, wherein a gripper is mounted on a robotic arm, further comprising employing a closed loop feedback control system for positioning the gripper.
 35. A method in accordance with claim 27, wherein the first and second beams are scanned from a conveyance.
 36. A method in accordance with claim 27, wherein the first and second beams are each scanned relative to respective first and second central rays, and wherein the first and second central rays are relatively displaced by an angle.
 37. A method in accordance with claim 36, wherein the angle of displacement between the first and the second central rays lies in a range between 45-135 degrees.
 38. A method in accordance with claim 27, further comprising: a. processing the first and second scatter signals to generate spatial coordinates of at least one object, other than the living plant, located between the conveyance and the living plant; b. using the generated spatial coordinates of the living plant and the spatial coordinates of the at least one object other than the living plant located between the conveyance and the living plant to generate a topographical map.
 39. A method for measuring ground water content, the method comprising: a. generating a beam of penetrating radiation; b. scanning the beam across the ground; c. detecting Compton scatter from the ground derived from the beam of penetrating radiation; and d. processing a scatter signal from the Compton scatter relative to a reference sample to derive a moisture content of the ground.
 40. A method for guiding motion of a robot, the method comprising: a. generating a first beam of penetrating radiation; b. scanning the first beam across a living plant; c. detecting Compton scatter from the living plant derived from the first beam of penetrating radiation to generate a scatter signal; d. processing the scatter signal to derive a characteristic of the living plant; and e. using the derived characteristic of the plant to guide a gripper of the robot to grasp a portion of the living plant.
 41. A method in accordance with claim 40, further comprising harvesting the plant by means of the gripper.
 42. A method in accordance with claim 41, wherein the gripper is mounted on a robotic arm, further comprising using a closed loop feedback control system for positioning the gripper. 